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For those not familiar with centigrade temperatures, conversion is accomplished by taking
the amount in centigrade and multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32°= amt. in F. Thus,
25°C = 77°F. Fomites are an inanimate object or material on which disease-producing
agents may be conveyed such as feces, bedding, or food bowls or other feeding implements.
Phenolics can be categorized as either synthetic phenolics (SynPhenol-3®, One-Stroke
Environ™, Avinol-3™) (often labeled as safe for birds) or older phenolics
(Lysol™) may cause harm to some species (i.e., cats) and should be used carefully
(i.e., the animal removed from cage while it is cleaned). Nolvasan® is the common
biguanide used in veterinary medicine. Examples of QAC's (quaternary ammonium chlorides)
include Roccal-D® or Parvosol™).
Aspergillosis
Disease is stable at 25° C.
Disinfectant: Phenolics
Comments: Grows well in hay, straw. Air exchange is critical for
reduction in exposure to spores.
Baylisascaris (Roundworms)
Eggs are stable indefinately.
Disinfectant: Extreme heat. Blow torch all infected soil.
Boil in lye
Comments: All infected soil should be buried. Do not change
species in raccoon, skunk or bear pens. Cages can be disinfected with blow torch or
boiled in lye.
Canine Distemper
Disease is stable at 25°C for 7-8 wks.
Disinfectant: QAC's or Phenolics Biguanide
Comments: Aerosol spread, disinfect all surfaces. Fomites can
promote transmission.
Duck Virus Enteritis
Disease is stable at 4°C for 2 mos, 4°C for 2 weeks.
Disinfectant: Phenolics, Biguanide, Chlorine
Comments: Instantly inactivated at pH 3 and below or pH 11 and
up. Fomites can be important. Carcass removal critical to prevent
continued infection.
Feline Panleukopenia
Disease is stable at 25° C for 1 yr.
Disinfectant: Chlorine, Phenolics, Biguanide
Comments: Aerosol spread; clean all caging and fomites.
Mycoplasma
Disease is stable at 28° C for 21 days.
Disinfectant: Phenolics
Comments: Fomites can promote transmission. Clean feeding
trays, implements etc.
Newcastle Disease
Disease is stable at 27°C for 4 weeks.
Disinfectant: Phenolics, Chlorine, Formulin
Comments: Shed in secretions (1° respiratory) and in aerosolized
dried feces.
Parvovirus
Disease is stable at 25°C for 3 mos.
Disinfectant: QAC's or Phenolics
Comments: Can survive extremes in pH. Fomites (e.g. feces) can
promote transmission.
Rabies
Disease is stable at 4°C for weeks, 20°C for days.
Disinfectant: Biguanide, Phenolics, Parvosol
Comments: Virus is probably not viable in an infected carcass after
24 hrs. if unrefrigerated. Fomites are not important in transmission.
Salmonella
Disease is stable at 25°C for 12-14 wks.
Disinfectant: Phenolics, QAC'smay get some strains
Comments: Organism will live in drains! Hard to eradicate from
infected premises. Commonly infected by contaminated food, water or fomites.
Toxoplasmosis
Disease is stable at 4°C for 68 days.
Disinfectant: Heat or freeze drying
Comments: Infected cats defecating in feed troughs can infect
domestic animals like goats or in wildlife rehab, deer.
For more details that can be offered at this website, see bookstore
for review paper.
If you have comments or information that you would like to contribute to this
site, please email the information to
Jan White, DVM.
References:
Greene, Craig. E. and Janet P. Calpen. 1984. "Environmental Factors in
Infectious Diseases" in Clinical and Microbiology and Infectious Diseases of the
Dog and Cat. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co. 967 pp.
Block, Seymour, S. 1991. Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation. 4th Ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger 1162 pp.
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